Real Evidence is tangible and physical objects, in IT Security it is things like hard disks, USB drives and not the data on them.

IMAP is a layer 7 protocol. IP, IPSEC, IKE, ICMP, … are all layer 3 protocols.

Layer 5: Session Layer: Establishes connection between 2 applications: Setup > Maintenance > Tear Down.

We categorize disasters in 3 categories: natural, human, or environmental. Natural: Anything caused by nature; this could be earthquakes, floods, snow, tornados, etc. Human: Anything caused by humans; they can be intentional or unintentional disasters; unintentional could be an employee using a personal USB stick on a PC at work and spreading malware, which would be just as bad as if an attacker had done it, but the employee was just ignorant, careless, or didn't think it would matter. Environmental (not to be confused with natural disasters); Anything in our environment; could be power outage/spikes, hardware failures, provider issues, etc.

Microsoft Terminal Server (RDP) uses TCP/UDP port 3389.

When we hire new staff we often do background to ensure we minimize our risks. We can check: References, Degrees, Employment, Criminal, Credit history (less common, more costly). We have new staff sign an NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement). It is illegal to check or inquire about political preference.

Change Management: Often called change control, a formalized process on how we handle changes to our environments. If done right we will have full documentation, understanding and we communicate changes to appropriate parties. The change review board should be comprised of both IT and other operational units from the organization, we may consider impacts on IT, but we are there to serve the organization, they need to understand how it will impact them and raise concerns if they have any.

CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol): The CHAP server stores plaintext passwords of each client, an attacker gaining access to the server can steal all the client passwords stored on it. Provides protection against replay attacks by the peer through the use of an incrementally changing identifier and of a variable challenge-value. Requires the client and server know the plaintext of a shared secret, but it is never sent over the network. Providing better security compared to PAP which is vulnerable for both these reasons. Used by PPP (Point to Point Protocol) servers to validate the remote clients. CHAP periodically verifies the identity of the client by using a three-way handshake.

Cryptanalysis is the science of breaking encrypted communication. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. It uses mathematical analysis of the cryptographic algorithm, as well as side-channel attacks that do not target weaknesses in the cryptographic algorithms themselves, but instead exploit weaknesses in their implementation and the devices that run them.

White box (Crystal/Clear) Pen testing: (Full Knowledge). The attacker has knowledge of the internal network and access to it like a privileged employee would. Normally Administrator access employee with full knowledge of our environment. There is no full box, gray is partial knowledge and black is no knowledge.