Frames and bits are the Protocol Data Units (PDUs) of the Link and physical layer of the TCP/IP model. (Frames are OSI layer 2 and bits are OSI layer 1).

SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle): The SDLC is not really a methodology, but a description of the phases in the life cycle of software development. These phases are (in general), investigation, analysis, design, build, test, implement, maintenance and support (and disposal). Can have security built into each step of the process, for the exam it always does.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only memory) – Can be erased (flashed) and written many times, by shining an ultraviolet light (flash) on a small window on the chip (normally covered by foil).

We can still recover files that has not been overwritten yet, formatting just removes the file structure.

The world is divided into RIR (Regional Internet Registry) regions and organizations

in those areas delegate the address space they have control over. ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers): United States, Canada, several parts of the Caribbean region, and Antarctica.

We always want top-down security governance and management, we want senior leadership on our side. Top-Down: IT leadership is on board with IT Security, they lead and set the direction. Bottom-Up: IT Security is seen as a nuisance and not a helper, often change when breaches happen.

AD (Active Directory): Included in most Windows Server OS as a set of processes and services. Directory service that Microsoft developed for Windows domain networks. Originally it was only in charge of centralized domain management. As of Windows Server 2008, AD became an umbrella term for a broad range of directory-based identity-related services.

Secret questions like "Where were you born?" are poor examples of a knowledge factor, it is known by a lot of people and can often be researched easily.

LDAP (The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is commonly used for central usernames and passwords storage, many different applications and services can connect to the LDAP server to validate users. Open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an IP network. Application layer protocol and use TCP and UDP port 389.

While honeypots can be useful, we do not want to lure attackers in (entrapment). If we deployed one each time we launched a system we could have 1000's of them, and during an attack we are busy with more important things.