This is the Analytics pane! Read more from the official documentation below:

Reference: https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/environ_workspace_analytics_pane.htm

One way to view a measure in Tableau Desktop is to split it into bins. You can think of bins as buckets based on a range of values. For example, say you have a measure that represents age. Instead of aggregating the measure to calculate the average age, you can bin the measure to define age groups: 0–5, 6–10, 11–15, and so on. Then you can count the number of people in each age group.

Create a calculated field for variable bin size

Step 1

Select Analysis > Create Calculated Field.

Step 2

In the Calculated Field dialog box, complete the following steps:

Reference: https://riti-ritesh.blogspot.com/2016/07/creating-variable-sized-bins_8.html

You can create a group to combine related members in a field. The icon associated with a group is a paper clip!

The following is the table for the data types in Tableau along with their icons:

Reference: https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/datafields_typesandroles_datatypes.htm

You don't need to know ANY programming language to use quick table calculations!

Follow along with the steps below to learn how to apply a quick table calculation to a visualization:

1) Open Tableau Desktop and connect to the Sample-Superstore data source, which comes with Tableau.

2) Navigate to a new worksheet.

3) From the Data pane, under Dimensions, drag Order Date to the Columns shelf.

4) From the Data pane, under Dimensions, drag State to the Rows shelf.

5) From the Data pane, under Measures, drag Sales to Text on the Marks Card.

6) From the Data pane, under Measures, drag Profit to Color on the Marks Card.

7) On the Marks card, click the Mark Type drop-down and select Square.

The visualization updates to look like this:

Apply the quick table calculation

1) On the Marks card, right-click SUM(Profit) and select Quick Table Calculation > Moving Average.

Note: You can only perform quick table calculations on measures in the view.

A delta symbol appears on the field to indicate that a quick table calculation is being applied to the field. The colors in the visualization update to show the moving average of profit across the years.

Reference: https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/calculations_tablecalculations_quick.htm

A URL action is a hyperlink that points to a web page, file, or other web-based resource outside of Tableau. You can use URL actions to create an email or link to additional information about your data. To customize links based on your data, you can automatically enter field values as parameters in URLs.

Read more in depth at : https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/actions_url.htm

The word 'static tool' gives it away.

According to the official website :

Reference: https://help.tableau.com/current/reader/desktop/en-us/reader_welcome.htm

A bullet graph is a variation of a bar graph developed to replace dashboard gauges and meters. A bullet graph is useful for comparing the performance of a primary measure to one or more other measures. Below is a single bullet graph showing how actual sales compared to estimated sales.

Reference: https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/qs_bullet_graphs.htm

When using a Blend, the primary data source appears with a BLUE tick-mark and the secondary data source appears with a ORANGE tick-mark.

See below:

Reference: https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/multiple_connections.htm

When you connect to a new data source, Tableau assigns each field in the data source as dimension or measure in the Data pane, depending on the type of data the field contains. You use these fields to build views of your data.

Reference: https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/datafields_typesandroles.htm