Security Assessments: A full picture approach to assessing how effective our access controls are, they have a very broad scope. We would not look at Employee performance. Security assessments often span multiple areas, and can use some or all of these components: Policies, procedures, and other administrative controls. Assessing the real world-effectiveness of administrative controls. Change management. Architectural review. Penetration tests. Vulnerability assessments. Security audits.

Clark-Wilson - Integrity: Separates end users from the backend data through ‘Well-formed transactions’ and ‘Separation of Duties’. The model uses Subject/Program/Object. We have discussed the Subject/Object relationship before, but this puts a program between the two. We don't allow people access to our inventory when they buy from us. We give them a limited functionality interface they can access.

Diameter is largely used in the 3/4G space, RADIUS is used elsewhere. Was intended to replacement for RADIUS, but the use cases changed and both now have different uses. Also provides centralized AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) management for users who connect and use a network service.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Reliable, Connection oriented, Guaranteed delivery, 3 way handshake, slower/more overhead, data reassembled.

IaaS - (Infrastructure as a Service) The vendor provides infrastructure up to the OS, the customer adds the OS and up.

Well-known Ports are the ports from port 0-1023, they are mostly used for protocols.

PAP is a layer 5 protocol (used for setting up sessions). FTP, LDAP and HTTP are all layer 7 protocols.

AI (Artificial Intelligence): Intelligence exhibited by machines, rather than humans or other animals. True AI is a topic of discussion; what was considered AI years ago has been achieved, and once the goal is reached, the AI definition is tweaked a little.

Where do we keep our sensitive data? It should be kept in a secure, climate-controlled facility, preferably geographically distant or at least far enough away that potential incidents will not affect that facility too. Many older breaches were from bad policies around tape backups. Tapes were kept at the homes of employees instead of at a proper storage facility or in a storage room with no access logs and no access restrictions (often unencrypted).

White Hat hackers: Professional Pen Testers trying to find flaws so we can fix it (Ethical Hackers). Black Hat hackers: Malicious hackers, trying to find flaws to exploit them (Crackers – they crack the code). Gray/Grey Hat hackers: They are somewhere between the white and black hats, they go looking for vulnerable code, systems or products. They often just publicize the vulnerability (which can lead to black hats using it before a patch is developed). Gray hats sometimes also approach the company with the vulnerability and ask them to fix it and if nothing happens they publish. Script Kiddies: They have little or no coding knowledge, but many sophisticated hacking tools are available and easy to use. They pose a very real threat. They are just as dangerous as skilled hackers; they often have no clue what they are doing.