Salt (Salting): Random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that "hashes" a password or passphrase. The primary function of salts is to defend against dictionary attacks or a pre-compiled rainbow table attack. Rainbow Tables: Pre-made list of plaintext and matching ciphertext, often passwords and matching hashes. A table can contain millions of pairs.

IAB’s Ethics and the Internet, defined as a Request for Comment (RFC), #1087 - Published in 1987. It considered the following unethical behavior: Seeks to gain unauthorized access to the resources of the Internet. Disrupts the intended use of the Internet. Wastes resources (people, capacity, computer) through such actions. Destroys the integrity of computer-based information. Compromises the privacy of users.

Freeware: Actually free software, it is free of charge to use. Shareware: Fully functional proprietary software that is initially free to use. Often for trials to test the software, after 30 days you have to pay to continue to use.

Natural: Anything caused by nature, this could be earthquakes, floods, snow, tornados, etc. They can be very devastating, but are less common than the other types of threats.

Deleting a file just removes it from the table. Everything is still recoverable. Crushing, degaussing and overwriting should all be non-recoverable.

War dialing: Uses modem to dial a series of phone numbers, looking for an answering modem carrier tone, the penetration tester then attempts to access the answering system. Not really done anymore, but know it for the exam.

QoS (Quality of Service) gives specific traffic priority over other traffic; this is most commonly VoIP (Voice over IP), or other UDP traffic needing close to real time communication. Other non real time traffic is down prioritized; the 0.25 second delay won’t be noticed.

4th Generation languages (4GL): Often uses a GUI, drag and drop, and then generating the code, often used for websites, databases and reports.

Passwords should never contain: The name of a pet, child, family member, or significant other, anniversary dates, birthdays, birthplace, favorite holiday, something related to a favorite sports team, or the word "password." Winter2017 is not a good password, even if it does fulfill the password requirements. Official recommendations by the U.S. Department of Defense and Microsoft: password history = set to remember 24 passwords; maximum password age = 90 days; minimum password age = 2 days (to prevent users from cycling through 24 passwords to return to their favorite password again). Minimum password length = 8 characters. Passwords must meet complexity requirements = true. Store password using reversible encryption = false.

Kali Linux is a version of Linux designed for hackers, it is a toolkit with many different attack vectors.